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Battle of Calatañazor
The Battle of Calatañazor was a legendary battle of the ''Reconquista'' that supposedly took place in July 1002 at Calatañazor between an army of invading Saracens under Almanzor and a force of Christian allies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Navarre, and Sancho García of Castile. Almanzor, who historically died the night of 10–11 August, is said to have died of wounds received in the battle. Its ahistoricity was first demonstrated by Reinhart Dozy in 1881.〔R. Dozy (1881), "Sur la bataille de Calatañazor", ''Recherches sur l'histoire et la littérature de l'Espagne pendant le Moyen Âge'', 3rd ed., I (Paris–Leiden), pp. 193–202 ((online )).〕 The French Arabist Évariste Lévi-Provençal attributed the destruction of San Millán de la Cogolla by the Saracens to the campaign of Calatañazor.
==Sources==
Of the death of Almanzor only two Christian annalists make mention. Both the ''Annales Compostellani'' and the ''Chronicon Burgense'' place it in the Era MXL, that is, 1002. The first says only that he died (''mortuus es Almozor''), but the latter adds that he is in hell (''et sepultus est in inferno''). The notice of his death is amplified in the chronicles. Towards the beginning of the twelfth century the anonymous author of the ''Historia Silense'' wrote that he was killed in Medinaceli. Late that century the ''Chronica Naierensis'' added that he was at war with Sancho García of Castile at the time of his death, which occurred while he was in retreat at the village of Grajal. He was buried in Medinaceli, but his body was later moved. The final story, of Almanzor's receiving wounds in battle with the Christians, and subsequently dying, is found in its earliest version in the ''Chronicon mundi'' of Lucas of Tuy. Lucas erroneously names the Christian leaders as Vermudo II of León (died 999) and García Fernández of Castile (died 995). Both Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada in his ''De rebus Hispaniae'' and Alfonso X in his ''Estoria de España'' follow Lucas in every detail save that of the fisherman-apparition.
The only substantial Islamic account of the battle is that found in the seventeenth-century historian al-Maqqari, based primarily on the medieval Spanish tradition. He adds that Almanzor ordered a large contingent of North African troops to join with those of Toledo for the campaign. He proceeded to devastate the Ribera del Duero before heading deeper into Castile. He was surprised by a Christian army in his camp near the castle called "The Eagles" (''Las Águilas''). He fell ill shortly after his defeat, perhaps from wounds received at the battle, but he continued to fight against Castile until he was being carried about on a litter. He was brought to Medinaceli, but the physicians were unable to diagnose his infirmity. He called his son, Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, to his bedside to give him instructions, but when he fled his father's tent in tears the dying general uttered the prophetic words, "This appears to me the first sign of the decadence that awaits the empire."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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